I-Tomato late blight ingenye yezifo ezibalulekile ekukhiqizweni kukatamatisi, izitshalo zemifino, i-tomato late blight, isikhunta, ikakhulukazi i-mycelium, ebusika emzimbeni ogulayo, ukutheleleka ngamagciwane ezimweni ezifanele zemvelo, kanye nendawo yesifo ekhiqiza i-sporangium, esakazwa umoya nemvula, uma kwenzeka umswakama ukhula ngokushesha futhi kuhlasela i-blade, i-blade, ukuthuthukiswa kwe-down-up kwakha isikhungo sohlobo olujwayelekile. I-sporangium ekhiqizwa eqabungeni lesitshalo esiphakathi yasakazwa ngomoya ezitshalweni ezizungezile ukuze iphinde itheleleke. Ukuvela kanye nokusabalala kwe-late blight kuhlobene kakhulu nezimo zezulu, futhi isivinini sokukhula sihlobene kakhulu nezimo zokutshala utamatisi kanye nokumelana nezitshalo.

Ukuvimbela nokulawula ezolimo

1. Kukhona umehluko othile ekumelaneni nezifo phakathi kwezinhlobo ezahlukene zikatamatisi, futhi izinhlobo ezimelana nezifo kufanele zinikezwe kuqala ekulimeni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kufanele kwenziwe ukukhetha okufanele ngokuya ngokuzivumelanisa nezimo kwezinhlanga noma indawo. Ekulimeni kwensimu evulekile, kufanele kukhethwe izinhlobo ezikhethekile zensimu evulekile; ekulimeni okuvuthwa ngokushesha, izinhlobo ezivuthwa sekwephuzile akufanele zikhethwe; ezindaweni ezinomswakama noma ezindaweni ezivame ukuba nemvula, kufanele kukhethwe izinhlobo ezimelana kakhulu.

2. Ukulima nokuvimbela izifo. Amasu okulima anengqondo ayizinyathelo ezibalulekile zezolimo ekuvimbeleni nasekulawuleni izifo nezinambuzane. Ngokusho kweqiniso lokuthi ukubola kwe-late blight kungenzeka kakhulu emswakama ophezulu, lezi zinyathelo ezilandelayo kufanele zithathwe:

(1) ukucubungula imbewu: ukuvimbela nokwelapha izifo kuzo zonke izici, imbewu iyiphuzu elibalulekile lokubulala amagciwane. Okokuqala imbewu ene-70% mancozeb wettable powder ephindwe ka-500 ngokufafaza uketshezi, bese kuthi ku-55 ℃ ifakwe emanzini imizuzu engama-30, ihlume ngemva kokugcwala kwamanzi okubangelwa yimvula enkulu.

(2) ukutshalwa kwe-mulching: ukutshalwa kwe-mulching katamatisi kungaqinisekisa ukuthi izinga lokushisa lomhlabathi kanye nomswakama, kunciphisa umswakama womoya, ukudala izimo ezikhuthaza ukukhula kukatamatisi, ezingabangela ukuhlasela kwamagciwane, ukunciphisa ukwanda kwezifo, kanye nokufeza umgomo wokuvimbela izifo.

(3) ubuningi obufanele: ngokwezinhlobo ezahlukene zokuzala kwenhlabathi okuhlukile, tshala inani eliphelele elingu-2000-2400 ngehektare, qinisekisa ukuthi isitshalo ngaphansi kwesimo somoya okhanyayo silungile, sikhula kahle, sithuthukise ukumelana, uma ukutshala okungafanele kuphakeme kakhulu, phakathi kwesitshalo, isiqu, iqabunga, izithelo, futhi kuzohloniphana, amanzi, amafutha, akhula abe buthakathaka, umswakama womoya mkhulu, amagciwane angangena, asengozini yezifo athandwa. Kodwa ubuningi buncane kakhulu, yize ukukhula kuqinile, umswakama womoya mncane, umphumela wokulwa nezifo muhle, kodwa awukwazi ukufeza umphumela ophelele odingayo futhi. Ngamafuphi, ubuningi bohlobo lokukhula olungenamkhawulo kufanele bube buncane, kanti obohlobo lokukhula olulinganiselwe kufanele bube bukhulu.

(4) umanyolo kanye nokuphathwa kwamanzi: impilo katamatisi kusukela ekutshalweni kwezithombo kuze kube sesikhathini sokuqhakaza, umswakama wenhlabathi uyadingeka ukuthi ukhuphuke kancane kancane kusuka ku-60% kuya ku-85%, okungukuthi u-60% wesikhathi sokuqhakaza kwezithombo, u-70% wesikhathi sokuqhakaza kwezithombo, u-80% wemiphumela yokuqala, u-85% wesikhathi sokuqhakaza kwezithombo. Njengoba isisho sithi, “ngamanzi enza isivuno; ngumanyolo owenza isivuno”. Ukunisela okufanele kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuhlanganiswa phakathi kokukhula okunomsoco nokukhula kokuzala, ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukumelana nezifo. Umanyolo uyisici esibalulekile sokukhiqiza, ukutshala utamatisi ezindaweni zomhlaba, kumele okungenani kube nokuzala okulingene, ukulungiswa kwenhlabathi kudinga ikhwalithi, inhlabathi ekhululekile, umanyolo, i-shi (amakhilogremu angu-1000-3000 nge-mu yomanyolo wepulazi osezingeni eliphezulu), umanyolo we-P 50 kg/mu, umanyolo we-K 20 kg/mu, ngaphezu kokuhlinzeka ngomanyolo we-N owanele, umanyolo we-P, K ekuvuneni nasekhwalithini kubalulekile, kuphela ukuhlanganiswa okufanele kwezinto ezintathu ezibalulekile ezisetshenziswayo, ukuthuthukisa ukumelana nezifo zezitshalo, ukunciphisa ukuhlasela kwamagciwane esifo se-blight plague, ukuze kwandiswe isivuno esihle. Ngokuphambene nalokho, ukulungiswa kabi kwe-N, P kanye ne-K kunciphisa ukumelana notamatisi, futhi i-blight plague yayilula ukusabalala, okuthinta isivuno kanye nekhwalithi.

(5) izimo zokukhanya nokushisa: utamatisi uyisitshalo esithanda ukukhanya, izindawo zokutshala kumele zibe yi-dangyang, ngaphandle kwalokho ukukhula kukatamatisi kuncane futhi kubuthakathaka, amagciwane kulula ukuwahlasela, abangela izifo. Utamatisi ukhula izinga lokushisa elivumelana nezimo kakhulu kusukela ku-20 kuya ku-25 ℃, indawo yami yokutshala utamatisi yesifunda inezinsiza ezizuzisayo zensimu, izinga lokushisa elimaphakathi lonyaka lingu-21 ℃, kodwa ngenkathi yemvula, isithwathwa sasebusika, inkungu, umswakama womoya kukhulu, kuhle kumagciwane ahlasela umonakalo, uma kungenjalo ukulawula ngesikhathi, ukubola okuphuzile kwenzeka ngokushesha, kufanele kube nokuvimbela nokulawula ukufafaza ngesikhathi.

Amaqabunga ayi-6 akhethe ifoloko: ukubola okuphuzile lapho lina, umswakama ophezulu, izinga lokushisa eliphansi, inkungu, inkungu ekuseni nakusihlwa kulula kakhulu ukuyithola, njengomswakama ohlobene ngaphezu kwama-75%, izinga lokushisa eliphakathi kuka-15 no-25 ℃ lidumile. Ukuze kushintshwe isimo sezulu esincane ensimini futhi kuncishiswe umswakama womoya, amaqabunga aphansi kanye namagatsha aminyene esitshalo kumele asuswe ukuqinisekisa ukuthi kunomoya omuhle kanye nokudluliselwa kokukhanya ensimini, ukuze kubhujiswe indawo ephilayo yamagciwane futhi ngaleyo ndlela kuvinjelwe ukwenzeka kwezifo.

7 Ukujikeleza kwezitshalo: ukutshala okuqhubekayo kwezitshalo ze-solanaceae, inhlabathi enama-bacteria amaningi, kulula ukuyithola, ngoba izinsalela zesifo ezisele ensimini yokulima ziwumthombo wokutheleleka kwasebusika ekuqaleni, ngakho-ke lapho udonsa izithombo akudingeki nje kuphela ukususa amaqabunga esifo, izithelo, futhi ukuze kugwenywe ukuqongelela kwamagciwane kuholela ekwehleni okukhulu okungazelelwe, kufanele kuthathwe ukujikeleza okungu-2-3 nemifino engeyona i-solanaceae.

Ukuvimbela nokulawula ngokomzimba

Ukulawula ngokomzimba ukusetshenziswa kwezindlela ezibonakalayo, njengembewu yokuvimbela umoya, ukuvimbela, ukuvimbela amanzi, ukuvimbela amanzi odakeni kanye nezinye izindlela zokukhetha imbewu enhle; Noma sebenzisa indlela ebonakalayo njengokucwilisa imbewu esobho elifudumele ukuvimbela ukukhula nokukhula kwamagciwane ukuze kufezwe injongo yokuvimbela izifo. Ukuhlanzeka kwensimu ngokuyinhloko ukususa iziqu, amaqabunga, izithelo kanye nezinye izinsalela ensimini ezinezifo, bese uzishisa noma uzigqibe zijule, ukuze kuncishiswe inani lamagciwane enhlabathi ngangokunokwenzeka futhi kuncishiswe amathuba okutheleleka ngamagciwane, ukuze kuvinjelwe izifo futhi kwandiswe imali engenayo.

Ukulawulwa kwamakhemikhali

Isifo sikatamatisi senzeke ngezikhathi ezahlukene kanye nezinkathi zokulima esifundeni sethu. Ngakho-ke, ngemva kokulawulwa kwezolimo kanye nokulawulwa ngokomzimba, izimpawu zesifo zisabonakala, okudinga ukusetshenziswa kwezindlela zokulawula amakhemikhali, izibulala-zinambuzane zamakhemikhali ukuze kulawulwe okusizayo. Izinhloso eziyinhloko zokulawulwa kwamakhemikhali yilezi: ukuvimbela nokulawula ukuhlasela kwamagciwane; ukubulala amagciwane; ukuvimbela ukukhula nokukhula kwamagciwane, ukuthuthukisa ukuzivikela kukatamatisi.

1. Ukwelashwa kwenhlabathi: utamatisi uthanda indawo engathathi hlangothi, inhlabathi ene-asidi, inhlabathi ene-alkaline ingathuthukiswa ngokusebenzisa i-quicklime. Amagciwane enhlabathi ayisongo esikhulu ekukhiqizweni kukatamatisi esifundeni sethu, ngaphezu kokwenza umsebenzi omuhle ekuhlanzeni umhlabathi wembewu, angasetshenziswa futhi ensimini yokubulala amagciwane nge-fungicide ebanzi, ukunciphisa amagciwane enhlabathini (ibhaktheriya noma i-zinc etholakalayo kanye nezinye izibulala-zinambuzane).

2, izithombo kanye nokuvuna: ngemva kokutshalwa kwezimpawu zesifo sekwephuzile seqabunga, isiqu, izithelo, okokuqala okwenziwe gcina kude nesikhathi, kuyatholakala iqhwa elingu-58%, i-manganese zinc powder emanzi izikhathi ezingu-500, i-spray kumele ibe yinto efanayo, icatshangelwe, ikakhulukazi izimbali kuze kube yilapho umphumela ophakathi ubalulekile, ngesikhathi sokuthuthukiswa kokuqala nasekupheleni kwesikhathi kufanele kuhlolwe ngokucophelela i-blight ephuzile kanye nokulawulwa kwenhlangano ngesikhathi, uma isithandwa, izoba nethonya elikhulu ekuvuneni nasekhwalithini. Uma izinhlobo zesifo esiphakathi zitholakala ensimini, izindlela ezilandelayo kanye nama-ejenti zingakhethwa: indlela yokufafaza, ukufutha isixazululo esingu-72.2% se-pomelo hydrochloride izikhathi ezingu-800 esigabeni sokuqala sesifo sikatamatisi, noma i-72% ye-frost urea • i-manganese zinc powder emanzi izikhathi ezingu-400-600, noma iqhwa elingu-64% • i-manganese zinc powder emanzi izikhathi ezingu-500, ukufutha kanye njalo ezinsukwini ezingu-7-10, ukulawula okuqhubekayo izinsuku ezingu-4-5. Uma umswakama eshedini uphezulu kakhulu noma uhlangabezana nezinsuku ezinamafu, indlela yokufutha i-powder ingasetshenziswa, njengokusetshenziswa kwe-Gerry micro powder 1 (50% Ukulawula ukufafaza ngempuphu ye-alkyl morpholine wettable powder), kungafeza umphumela wokulawula ongcono. Indawo yesifo sesiqu ingasetshenziswa ngomuthi owuketshezi ophakeme, kungaba yisifutho samaqabunga noma umuthi wokumboza isiqu, kanye njalo ezinsukwini ezingu-7-8, izikhathi ezingu-2-3 zilandelana, kodwa qaphela izinsuku eziyi-10 ngemuva kokusetshenziswa kwezithelo akukwazi ukutholakala emakethe.