Matenda a phwetekere omwe amakula mochedwa ndi amodzi mwa matenda ofunikira kwambiri pakukula kwa phwetekere m'nyumba zobiriwira zamasamba, phwetekere omwe amakula mochedwa, bowa makamaka mycelium m'thupi lodwala, matenda opatsirana m'malo oyenera, ndipo malo otupawo amatulutsa sporangium, yomwe imafalikira ndi mphepo ndi mvula, ngati chinyezi chikumera mofulumira ndikulowa kwa tsamba, tsamba, kukula kuchokera pansi kupita mmwamba kumakhala pakati pa mtundu wamba wa matenda. Sporangium yomwe imapangidwa pa tsamba la chomera chapakati imafalikira ndi mpweya kupita ku zomera zozungulira kuti idwalenso. Kupezeka ndi kufalikira kwa matendawa kumagwirizana kwambiri ndi nyengo, ndipo liwiro la kukula kwake limagwirizananso kwambiri ndi momwe kulima phwetekere komanso kukana kwa zomera.

Kupewa ndi kulamulira ulimi

1. Pali kusiyana kwina pa kukana matenda pakati pa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya phwetekere, ndipo mitundu yolimbana ndi matenda iyenera kupatsidwa patsogolo pa ulimi. Kuphatikiza apo, kusankha koyenera kuyenera kupangidwa malinga ndi momwe mapesi kapena madera akusinthira. Pakulima m'munda wotseguka, mitundu yapadera ya m'munda wotseguka iyenera kusankhidwa; pakulima koyambirira, mitundu yochedwa kukhwima siyenera kusankhidwa; m'malo onyowa kapena m'malo omwe mvula imagwa, mitundu yolimba kwambiri iyenera kusankhidwa.

2. Kulima ndi kupewa matenda. Njira zoyenera zolima ndi njira zofunika kwambiri zopewera ndi kulamulira matenda ndi tizilombo toononga. Malinga ndi mfundo yakuti matenda ochedwa kufalikira nthawi zambiri amapezeka m'malo okhala ndi chinyezi chambiri, njira zotsatirazi ziyenera kutengedwa:

(1) kukonza mbewu: kupewa ndi kuchiza matenda kuchokera ku chilichonse, mbewu ndi chinthu chofunikira kwambiri pochiza matenda. Choyamba, mbewu zokhala ndi ufa wonyowa wa mancozeb 70% nthawi 500, kenako zikalowetsedwa m'madzi pa 55 ℃ kwa mphindi 30, zimamera pambuyo poti madzi achuluka chifukwa cha mvula yambiri.

(2) Kulima matope: Kulima matope a phwetekere kungatsimikizire kuti kutentha kwa nthaka ndi chinyezi, kuchepetsa chinyezi cha mpweya, kupanga zinthu zomwe zimathandiza kukula kwa phwetekere, kusathandiza kuukira kwa mabakiteriya, kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa matenda, komanso kukwaniritsa cholinga chopewera matenda.

(3) kuchuluka koyenera: Malinga ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya chonde m'nthaka, bzalani mbewu zokwana 2000-2400 pa ekala, onetsetsani kuti chomeracho chili ndi mpweya wabwino wowala, kukula bwino, kulimbitsa kukana, ngati kubzala molakwika kuli kwakukulu kwambiri, pakati pa chomera, tsinde, tsamba, zipatso, ndipo zidzalemekezana, madzi, mafuta, kukula kofooka, chinyezi cha mpweya ndi chachikulu, mabakiteriya olowa, omwe amakhudzidwa ndi matenda ndi otchuka. Koma kuchuluka kwake ndi kochepa kwambiri, ngakhale kukula kwake kuli kolimba, chinyezi cha mpweya ndi chochepa, mphamvu yolimbana ndi matenda ndi yabwino, koma singathe kukwaniritsa zonse zomwe zimafunikira kachiwiri. Mwachidule, kuchuluka kwa kukula kosatha kuyenera kukhala kochepa, pomwe kukula kwa mtundu wocheperako kuyenera kukhala kwakukulu.

(4) feteleza ndi kasamalidwe ka madzi: moyo wa phwetekere kuyambira nthawi yobzala mbande mpaka nthawi yophukira, chinyezi cha nthaka chikufunika kuti chiwonjezeke pang'onopang'ono kuchoka pa 60% mpaka 85%, zomwe ndi 60% ya nthawi yophukira mbande, 70% ya nthawi yophukira, 80% ya zotsatira zoyambirira, 85% ya nthawi yophukira. Monga mwambi umanenera, "madzi ndi omwe amakolola; ndi feteleza omwe amakolola". Kuthirira bwino ndikofunikira kwambiri kuti pakhale mgwirizano pakati pa kukula kwa zakudya ndi kubereka, kuti pakhale kukana matenda. Feteleza ndiye chinthu chofunikira kwambiri pakupanga, kubzala ma phwetekere m'malo obiriwira, kuyenera kukhala ndi chonde chochepa, kukonzekera bwino kwa nthaka, nthaka yotayirira, feteleza, shi (makilogalamu 1000-3000 pa mu ya manyowa abwino kwambiri a pafamu), feteleza wa P 50 kg/mu, feteleza wa K 20 kg/mu, kuwonjezera pa kupereka feteleza wokwanira wa N, feteleza wa P, K pa zokolola ndi ubwino ndikofunikira, kungogwiritsa ntchito moyenera zinthu zitatu zofunika, kuonjezera kukana matenda a zomera, kuchepetsa kuukira kwa mabakiteriya a late blight plague, kuti pakhale zokolola zabwino. M'malo mwake, kusasinthika kwa N, P ndi K kunachepetsa kukana kwa phwetekere, ndipo late blight inali yosavuta kufalikira, zomwe zinakhudza zokolola ndi ubwino.

(5) kuwala ndi kutentha: phwetekere ndi mbewu yokonda kuwala, malo obzala ayenera kukhala ofooka, apo ayi kukula kwa phwetekere ndi kofooka, majeremusi ndi osavuta kulowa, zomwe zimayambitsa matenda. Phwetekere imakula kutentha koyenera kwambiri pakati pa 20 ndi 25 ℃, dera langa lobzala phwetekere lili ndi zinthu zabwino m'munda, kutentha kwapakati pachaka ndi 21 ℃, koma nthawi yamvula, chisanu, utsi, ndi chinyezi zimakhala zazikulu, zabwino kwa majeremusi kulowa m'malo owonongeka, ndiye ngati sizikulamulidwa nthawi yake, kufalikira kwa chimfine mochedwa kumachitika mwachangu, kupewa ndi kuwongolera kupopera mbewu kuyenera kuchitika nthawi yake.

Masamba 6 adatola foloko: kuuma kochedwa mvula ikagwa, chinyezi chambiri, kutentha kochepa, chifunga, chifunga m'mawa ndi madzulo ndikosavuta kutchuka, monga chinyezi chapamwamba kuposa 75%, kutentha pakati pa 15 ndi 25 ℃ ndikotchuka. Kuti tisinthe mawonekedwe a microclimate m'munda ndikuchepetsa chinyezi cha mpweya, masamba apansi pa phazi ndi nthambi zokhuthala za chomera ziyenera kuchotsedwa kuti zitsimikizire kuti mpweya wabwino ndi kuwala zimafalikira m'munda, kuti awononge malo okhala mabakiteriya ndikuletsa matenda.

7 Kusinthasintha kwa mbewu: Kubzala kosalekeza kwa mbewu za solanaceae, nthaka yokhala ndi mabakiteriya ambiri, yosavuta kubwera, chifukwa zotsalira za matenda zomwe zatsala m'munda wolima ndiye gwero la matenda m'nyengo yozizira pachiyambi, kotero pokoka mbande sizimangofunika kuchotsa masamba, zipatso, komanso kuti mabakiteriya asapezeke mwadzidzidzi, ziyenera kuchitika kawiri kapena katatu ndi masamba omwe si a solanaceae.

Kupewa ndi kulamulira thupi

Kulamulira thupi ndi kugwiritsa ntchito njira zakuthupi, monga mbewu zoyezera mphepo, kuyezera, kulekanitsa madzi, kulekanitsa madzi ndi njira zina posankha mbewu zabwino; Kapena gwiritsani ntchito njira zakuthupi monga kuviika mbewu mu supu yofunda kuti mulepheretse kukula ndi kukula kwa mabakiteriya kuti mukwaniritse cholinga chopewera matenda. Kuyeretsa minda makamaka ndiko kuchotsa tsinde, masamba, zipatso ndi zotsalira zina m'munda zomwe zili ndi matenda, ndikuziwotcha kapena kuzikwirira pansi, kuti muchepetse kuchuluka kwa mabakiteriya m'nthaka momwe mungathere ndikuchepetsa mwayi wopatsirana matenda, kuti mupewe matenda ndikuwonjezera ndalama.

Kulamulira mankhwala

Matenda a phwetekere adachitika nthawi zosiyanasiyana komanso nyengo zosiyanasiyana zolima m'boma lathu. Chifukwa chake, pambuyo powongolera ulimi ndi kuwongolera thupi, zizindikiro za matendawa zimaonekerabe, zomwe zimafuna kugwiritsa ntchito njira zowongolera mankhwala, mankhwala ophera tizilombo kuti achepetse. Zolinga zazikulu zowongolera mankhwala ndi izi: kupewa ndi kuwongolera kulowa kwa mabakiteriya; Kupha majeremusi; Kuletsa kukula ndi chitukuko cha mabakiteriya, kuwonjezera chitetezo cha phwetekere.

1. Kusamalira nthaka: phwetekere imakonda malo osalowererapo, nthaka ya asidi, nthaka ya alkaline ikhoza kukonzedwa pogwiritsa ntchito quicklime. Mabakiteriya a nthaka ndi chiwopsezo chachikulu pakupanga phwetekere m'boma lathu, kuwonjezera pa kuchita ntchito yabwino pochiza matenda a m'munda, angagwiritsidwenso ntchito pochiza matenda a fungicide a broad-spectrum, kuchepetsa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda m'nthaka (mabakiteriya kapena zinc ndi mankhwala ena ophera tizilombo).

2, mbande ndi kukolola: mutabzala zizindikiro za matenda ochedwa a tsamba, tsinde, zipatso, choyamba chopangira, sungani bwino nthawi yake, 58% ya chisanu chopezeka, ufa wa manganese zinc wonyowa nthawi 500, kupopera kuyenera kukhala kofanana, koganizira bwino, makamaka maluwa mpaka pakati pa nthawi yake kukhala kofunikira, panthawi yoyambirira komanso mochedwa, fufuzani mosamala matenda ochedwa ndikuwongolera nthawi yake, akatchuka, adzakhala ndi mphamvu yayikulu pa zokolola ndi ubwino. Ngati matenda apakati apezeka m'munda, njira zotsatirazi ndi zothandizira zitha kusankhidwa: njira yopopera, kupopera 72.2% yankho la pomelo hydrochloride nthawi 800 kumayambiriro kwa matenda a phwetekere, kapena 72% frost urea • ufa wa manganese zinc wonyowa nthawi 400-600, kapena 64% frost • ufa wa manganese zinc wonyowa nthawi 500, kupopera kamodzi masiku 7-10 aliwonse, kupopera kosalekeza masiku 4-5. Ngati chinyezi m'shedi ndi chokwera kwambiri kapena chikukumana ndi mitambo, njira yopopera ufa ingagwiritsidwe ntchito, monga kugwiritsa ntchito ufa wa Gerry micro 1 (50% Kupopera ufa wa alkyl morpholine wettable powder (kapena ufa wothira ufa wa alkyl morpholine wettable powder), kungathandize kuwongolera bwino. Malo otupa a tsinde amatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi mankhwala ambiri amadzimadzi, kaya ndi kupopera masamba kapena mankhwala opaka tsinde, kamodzi pa masiku 7-8 aliwonse, kawiri-katatu motsatizana, koma samalani masiku 10 mutagwiritsa ntchito zipatso simungathe kugulitsidwa pamsika.