I-Tomato late blight yenye yezifo ezibalulekileyo kwimveliso yetamatisi, izityalo zemifuno, i-tomato late blight, i-fungus, ikakhulu i-mycelium, ebusika emzimbeni ogulayo, usulelo lwe-pathogen kwiimeko ezifanelekileyo, kwaye indawo yesifo ivelisa i-sporangium, esasazwa ngumoya nemvula, xa umswakama ukhula ngokukhawuleza kwaye i-blade ingena, i-blade, uphuhliso oluvela ezantsi ukuya phezulu lwenza iziko lohlobo oluqhelekileyo. I-sporangium eveliswa kwigqabi lesityalo esiphakathi isasazwa ngomoya ukuya kwizityalo ezijikelezileyo ukuze ziphinde zosuleleke. Ukuvela kunye nokuxhaphaka kwe-late blight kunxulumene kakhulu neemeko zemozulu, kwaye isantya sophuhliso sinxulumene kakhulu neemeko zokulima i-tomato kunye nokumelana nezityalo.

Uthintelo nolawulo lwezolimo

1. Kukho umahluko othile ekuchaseni izifo phakathi kweentlobo ezahlukeneyo zetamatato, kwaye iintlobo ezichasayo izifo kufuneka zibekwe phambili ekulimeni. Ukongeza, ukhetho olufanelekileyo kufuneka lwenziwe ngokwendlela ezilungelelana ngayo iingca okanye ummandla. Ekulimeni emasimini avulekileyo, iintlobo ezikhethekileyo zentsimi evulekileyo kufuneka zikhethwe; ekulimeni okuvuthwa kwangoko, iintlobo ezivuthwa kade akufuneki zikhethwe; kwiindawo ezifumileyo okanye kwiindawo ezithandwa yimvula, iintlobo ezichasayo kakhulu kufuneka zikhethwe.

2. Ukulima nokuthintela izifo. Iindlela zokulima ezifanelekileyo zibalulekile ekuthinteleni nasekulawuleni izifo kunye nezinambuzane. Ngokwenyani yokuba i-late blight inokwenzeka kakhulu xa kufuma kakhulu, la manyathelo alandelayo kufuneka athathwe:

(1) Ukulungiswa kwembewu: ukuthintela nokunyanga izifo kuzo zonke iinkcukacha, imbewu yeyona nto ibalulekileyo ekubulaleni iintsholongwane. Okokuqala imbewu ene-70% ye-mancozeb powder emanzi ephindwe ka-500 xa itshizwa ngamanzi, ize emva koko ifakwe emanzini angama-55 ℃ imizuzu engama-30, ihluma emva kokuba amanzi egcwala ngenxa yemvula eninzi.

(2) ukulinywa kwe-mulching: ukulinywa kwe-mulching yetumato kunokuqinisekisa ukuba ubushushu bomhlaba kunye nokufuma, kunciphisa ukufuma komoya, ukudala iimeko ezikhuthaza ukukhula kwe-tomato, ezingabangela ukuhlasela kweebhaktheriya, ukunciphisa ukwanda kwezifo, kunye nokufezekisa injongo yokuthintela izifo.

(3) uxinano olufanelekileyo: ngokweentlobo ezahlukeneyo zokuchuma komhlaba, tyala i-2000-2400 ngehektare nganye, qinisekisa ukuba isityalo phantsi kwemeko yomoya ovuthuzayo ekukhanyeni silungile, sikhula kakuhle, siphucula ukumelana, ukuba uxinano lokutyala luphezulu kakhulu, phakathi kwesityalo, isiqu, amagqabi, iziqhamo, kwaye ziya kuhloniphana, amanzi, amafutha, akhula abe buthathaka, umswakama womoya mkhulu, iintsholongwane ziyangena, zithandwa kakhulu. Kodwa uxinano luncinci kakhulu, nangona ukukhula kuqinile, umswakama womoya mncinci, isiphumo sokuxhathisa izifo silungile, kodwa asinakufezekisa imveliso iyonke efunekayo kwakhona. Ngamafutshane, uxinano lohlobo lokukhula olungapheliyo kufuneka lube luncinci, ngelixa olohlobo lokukhula olukhawulezileyo kufuneka lube lukhulu.

(4) isichumiso kunye nolawulo lwamanzi: ubomi betumato ukususela ekuhlwayelweni kwezithole ukuya kwixesha lokudubula, ukufuma komhlaba kufuneka kunyuke kancinci kancinci ukusuka kwi-60% ukuya kwi-85%, oko kukuthi i-60% yexesha lokudubula kwezithole, i-70% yexesha lokudubula kweentyantyambo, i-80% yeziphumo zokuqala, i-85% yexesha lokudubula kweentyantyambo. Njengoko intetho isitsho, "ngamanzi enza isivuno; sisichumiso esenza isivuno". Ukunkcenkceshela ngokufanelekileyo kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukulungelelaniswa phakathi kokukhula kwesondlo kunye nokukhula kokuzala, ukuze komelezwe ukumelana nezifo. Isichumisi sisizathu esibalulekileyo semveliso, ukutyala iitumato kwimihlaba, kufuneka ubuncinane kube nokuchuma okuphakathi, ukulungiswa komhlaba kufuna umgangatho ofunekayo, umhlaba okhululekileyo, izichumisi, i-shi (iikhilogram ezili-1000-3000 kwi-mu ye-farm fertilizer esemgangathweni ophezulu), isichumisi se-P esingama-50 kg/mu, isichumisi se-K esingama-20 kg/mu, ukongeza ekunikezeni isichumisi se-N esaneleyo, isichumisi se-P, K kwisivuno kunye nomgangatho kubalulekile, kuphela ukuhlanganiswa okufanelekileyo kwezinto ezintathu ezibalulekileyo ezisetyenziswayo, ukuphucula ukumelana nezifo zezityalo, ukunciphisa ukuhlasela kweebhaktheriya zesifo se-blight plague, ukwandisa isivuno esihle. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, ukulungiswa kakubi kwe-N, i-P kunye ne-K kunciphisa ukumelana netumato, kwaye i-blight late yayilula ukusasazeka, ichaphazela isivuno kunye nomgangatho.

(5) iimeko zokukhanya nobushushu: iitumato zizityalo ezithanda ukukhanya, amabala okutyala kufuneka abe mdaka, kungenjalo ukukhula kweetumato kuncinci kwaye kubuthathaka, iintsholongwane kulula ukuzihlasela, zibangela izifo. Iitumato zikhula kubushushu obuzilungelelanisayo obuyi-20 ukuya kwi-25 ℃, indawo yam yokutyala iitumato yesithili inezixhobo ezilungileyo zentsimi, ubushushu obuqhelekileyo bonyaka buyi-21 ℃, kodwa ngexesha lemvula, iqabaka yasebusika, inkungu, ukufuma komoya kukhulu, kulungile kwiintsholongwane ukuba zingene engozini, ke ukuba azilawulwa ngexesha, ukubola okufike emva kwexesha kwenzeka ngokukhawuleza, kufuneka kuthintelwe kwaye kulawulwe ukutshiza ngexesha elifanelekileyo.

Amagqabi ama-6 akhethe ifolokhwe: ukubola okufike emva kwexesha xa kunemvula, ukufuma okuphezulu, ubushushu obuphantsi, inkungu, inkungu kusasa nangokuhlwa yeyona nto ithandwa kakhulu, njengomswakama ongaphezulu kwama-75%, ubushushu obuphakathi kwe-15 kunye nama-25 ℃ budumile. Ukuze kutshintshwe i-microclimate endle kwaye kuncitshiswe ukufuma komoya, amagqabi asezantsi eenyawo kunye namasebe axineneyo esityalo kufuneka asuswe ukuqinisekisa ukuba umoya ungena kakuhle kwaye ukukhanya kusasazeka endle, ukuze kutshatyalaliswe indawo ephilayo yebhaktheriya kwaye ngaloo ndlela kuthintelwe ukwenzeka kwesifo.

7 Ukujikeleza kwezityalo: ukutshala rhoqo kwezityalo ze-solanaceae, umhlaba onenani elikhulu leentsholongwane, kulula ukuvela, kuba iintsalela zesifo ezishiyekileyo kwintsimi yokulima zingumthombo wosulelo lwasebusika ekuqaleni, ngoko ke xa kutsalwa izithole akufuneki nje kuphela ukususa amagqabi esifo, iziqhamo, kwaye ukuze kuthintelwe ukuqokelelwa kweentsholongwane kukhokelela kwisiganeko esikhulu ngequbuliso, kufuneka kujikeleziswe izihlandlo ezi-2-3 nemifuno engeyiyo i-solanaceae.

Ukuthintela nokulawula ngokwasemzimbeni

Ulawulo olusebenzayo kukusebenzisa iindlela ezibonakalayo, ezifana nembewu yokuthintela umoya, ukuthintela, ukwahlula amanzi, ukwahlula amanzi ngodaka kunye nezinye iindlela zokukhetha imbewu elungileyo; Okanye sebenzisa indlela ebonakalayo efana nokuntywilisela imbewu kwisuphu efudumeleyo ukuthintela ukukhula nophuhliso lweebhaktheriya ukuze kufezekiswe injongo yokuthintela izifo. Ucoceko lwasemasimini ngokuyintloko kukususa iziqu, amagqabi, iziqhamo kunye nezinye iintsalela emasimini ezinezifo, nokuzitshisa okanye ukuzingcwaba nzulu, ukuze kuncitshiswe inani leebhaktheriya zomhlaba kangangoko kunokwenzeka kwaye kuncitshiswe amathuba okosuleleka zizifo, ukuze kuthintelwe izifo kwaye kwandiswe ingeniso.

Ulawulo lweekhemikhali

Isifo seetumato sabakho ngamaxesha ahlukeneyo okulima kwisithili sethu. Ke ngoko, emva kolawulo lwezolimo kunye nolawulo lomzimba, iimpawu zesifo zisabonakala, nto leyo efuna ukusetyenziswa kweendlela zokulawula iikhemikhali, izibulali-zinambuzane zamakhemikhali ukulawula ukuncedisa. Iinjongo eziphambili zolawulo lweekhemikhali zezi: ukuthintela nokulawula ukuhlasela kweebhaktheriya; ukubulala iintsholongwane; ukuthintela ukukhula nophuhliso lweebhaktheriya, ukuphucula ukhuseleko lweetamatato.

1. Unyango lomhlaba: iitumato ziyayithanda imeko-bume engathathi cala, umhlaba one-asidi, umhlaba we-alkaline unokuphuculwa ngokusebenzisa i-quicklime. Iibhaktheriya zomhlaba ziyingozi enkulu kwimveliso yeetumato kwisithili sethu, ukongeza ekwenzeni umsebenzi olungileyo ekubulaleni iintsholongwane emhlabeni, zingasetyenziselwa nakwintsimi yokubulala iintsholongwane ze-fungicide ezibanzi, ukunciphisa iintsholongwane emhlabeni (iibhaktheriya ezikhoyo okanye i-zinc kunye nezinye izibulali-zinambuzane).

2, izithole kunye nokuvuna: emva kokufakelwa kweempawu zesifo se-blight emva kwexesha, isiqu, iziqhamo, okokuqala okwenziweyo kugcinwe kude nexesha, i-58% ye-armor frost ekhoyo, i-manganese zinc powder emanzi amaxesha angama-500, i-spray kufuneka ifane, icingelwe, ingakumbi i-flowering de kube yi-mid result ibalulekile, ngexesha lophuhliso lwasekuqaleni nolwasemva kwexesha kufuneka ihlolwe ngononophelo i-blight emva kwexesha kunye nolawulo lombutho ngexesha, xa sele idumile, iya kuba nefuthe elikhulu kwisivuno kunye nomgangatho. Ukuba iintlobo zesifo esiphakathi zifunyenwe kwintsimi, ezi ndlela zilandelayo kunye neearhente zinokukhethwa: indlela yokutshiza, ukutshiza isisombululo se-72.2% se-pomelo hydrochloride amaxesha angama-800 kwinqanaba lokuqala lesifo seetumato, okanye i-72% ye-frost urea • i-manganese zinc powder emanzi amaxesha angama-400-600, okanye i-64% ye-frost • i-manganese zinc powder emanzi amaxesha angama-500, ukutshiza kube kanye emva kweentsuku ezi-7-10, ulawulo oluqhubekayo iintsuku ezi-4-5. Ukuba ukufuma kwishedi kuphezulu kakhulu okanye kudibana neentsuku ezinamafu, indlela yokutshiza umgubo ingasetyenziswa, njengokusetyenziswa kwe-Gerry micro powder 1 (50% Ulawulo lokutshiza i-alkyl morpholine wettable powder) lunokufezekisa isiphumo esingcono solawulo. Indawo yesifo sesiqu ingafakwa ngoxinzelelo olukhulu lonyango olumanzi, nokuba yi-leaf spray okanye iyeza lokugquma isiqu, kanye emva kweentsuku ezisi-7-8, amaxesha ama-2-3 elandelelana, kodwa qaphela iintsuku ezili-10 emva kokusetyenziswa kweziqhamo azinakuvunwa emarikeni.